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The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a hoofed (ungulate) mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multitoed creature into the large, singletoed animal of today Humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC; by 2000 BC the use of domesticated horses had spread throughout the Eurasian continent Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only remaining true wild horse, as well as more common feral horses which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors
There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equinerelated concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior Horses are anatomically designed to use speed to escape predators, and have a welldeveloped sense of balance and a strong fightorflightmares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth Most domesticated horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years
Horse breeds are loosely ided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited hot bloodswith speed and endurance; cold bloods, such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and warmbloods, developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe There are over 300 breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different uses
Horses and humans interact in many ways, not only in a wide variety of sport competitions and noncompetitive recreational pursuits, but also in working activities including police work, agriculture, entertainment, assisted learning and therapy Horses were historically used in warfare A wide variety of riding and driving techniques have been developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers
Biology
Horse anatomy is described by a large number of specific terms, as illustrated by the chart to the right Specific terms also describe various ages, colors and breeds
Age
Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years It is uncommon, but a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond The oldest verifiable record was Old Billy, a 19thcentury horse that lived to the age of 62 In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007, aged 56
Regardless of a horse's actual birth date, for most competition purposes an animal is considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere and August 1 in the southern hemisphere The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's calendar ageA very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth
The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:
* Foal: a horse of either sex less than one year old A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling Most domesticated foals are weaned at 5 to 7 months of age, although foals can be weaned at 4 months with no adverse effects
* Yearling: a horse of either sex that is between one and two years old
* Colt: a male horse under the age of four A common terminology error is to call any young horse a colt, when the term actually only refers to young male horses
* Filly: a female horse under the age of four
* Mare: a female horse four years old and older
* Stallion: a noncastrated male horse four years old and olderSome people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a horse
* A ridgling or rigis a male horse which has an undescended testicle or is improperly castrated If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion
* Gelding: a castrated male horse of any age, though for convenience sake, many people also refer to a young gelding under the age of four as a colt
In horse racing, the definitions of colt, filly, mare, and stallion may differ from those given above In the UK, Thoroughbred horse racing defines a colt as a male less than five years old, and a filly as a female less than five years old In the United States, both Thoroughbred racing and harness racing defines colts and fillies as four years old and younger
At hakkında ingilizce bilgi,
İngilizce at anlatımı
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a hoofed (ungulate) mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multitoed creature into the large, singletoed animal of today Humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC; by 2000 BC the use of domesticated horses had spread throughout the Eurasian continent Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only remaining true wild horse, as well as more common feral horses which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors
There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equinerelated concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior Horses are anatomically designed to use speed to escape predators, and have a welldeveloped sense of balance and a strong fightorflightmares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth Most domesticated horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years
Horse breeds are loosely ided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited hot bloodswith speed and endurance; cold bloods, such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and warmbloods, developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe There are over 300 breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different uses
Horses and humans interact in many ways, not only in a wide variety of sport competitions and noncompetitive recreational pursuits, but also in working activities including police work, agriculture, entertainment, assisted learning and therapy Horses were historically used in warfare A wide variety of riding and driving techniques have been developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers
Biology
Horse anatomy is described by a large number of specific terms, as illustrated by the chart to the right Specific terms also describe various ages, colors and breeds
Age
Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years It is uncommon, but a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond The oldest verifiable record was Old Billy, a 19thcentury horse that lived to the age of 62 In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007, aged 56
Regardless of a horse's actual birth date, for most competition purposes an animal is considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere and August 1 in the southern hemisphere The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's calendar ageA very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth
The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:
* Foal: a horse of either sex less than one year old A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling Most domesticated foals are weaned at 5 to 7 months of age, although foals can be weaned at 4 months with no adverse effects
* Yearling: a horse of either sex that is between one and two years old
* Colt: a male horse under the age of four A common terminology error is to call any young horse a colt, when the term actually only refers to young male horses
* Filly: a female horse under the age of four
* Mare: a female horse four years old and older
* Stallion: a noncastrated male horse four years old and olderSome people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a horse
* A ridgling or rigis a male horse which has an undescended testicle or is improperly castrated If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion
* Gelding: a castrated male horse of any age, though for convenience sake, many people also refer to a young gelding under the age of four as a colt
In horse racing, the definitions of colt, filly, mare, and stallion may differ from those given above In the UK, Thoroughbred horse racing defines a colt as a male less than five years old, and a filly as a female less than five years old In the United States, both Thoroughbred racing and harness racing defines colts and fillies as four years old and younger
